> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://mariadb.com/docs/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://mariadb.com/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql.md).

# SQL Reference

Reference documentation for GridGain 9 SQL — statements, data types, functions, operators, keywords, and standards conformance.

This section is the reference for GridGain 9 SQL. It covers the supported SQL statements — data definition, data manipulation, operational commands, and distribution zone management — along with data types, functions and operators, optimizer hints, keywords, the `EXPLAIN` command, and GridGain's conformance with the ANSI SQL:2016 standard.

Use the pages in this section to look up exact syntax, parameters, and behavior for the SQL supported by GridGain 9.

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{% content-ref url="/pages/k484QFMBKkFmCeCs8R1u" %}
[Data Definition Language (DDL)](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/ddl.md)
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Reference for the Data Definition Language (DDL) commands supported by GridGain 9, including CREATE, ALTER, and DROP for tables, indexes, schemas, caches, and sequences.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/Op03kMgK0zXcRd1N7PEB" %}
[Data Manipulation Language (DML)](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/dml.md)
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Data manipulation language (DML) commands supported by GridGain 9: DELETE, INSERT, MERGE, and UPDATE, with their syntax and parameters.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/movh5QDRbOdWZzsgUBZ4" %}
[Operational Commands](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/operational-commands.md)
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Operational SQL commands in GridGain 9: SELECT, COPY INTO for data import and export, and the KILL QUERY, KILL TRANSACTION, and KILL COMPUTE commands.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/TXlEqcwl7Yo6AkEbL1yt" %}
[Distribution Zones](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/distribution-zones.md)
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Distribution zones in GridGain 9 and the SQL commands that manage them: CREATE ZONE, ALTER ZONE, and DROP ZONE, with keywords, parameters, and examples.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/SEN8Mpn9neXRYJ2NaSZp" %}
[Transactions](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/transactions.md)
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SQL transaction control in GridGain 9 using START TRANSACTION and COMMIT, including read-only and read-write modes.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/1keuYmUhM2CFobCu5WIz" %}
[Operators and Functions](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/operators-and-functions.md)
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SQL functions reference for GridGain 9, covering aggregate, date/time, JSON, numeric, string, and other functions built on Apache Calcite.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/k3uIgXHrB0aWCxfi1sSK" %}
[Data Types](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/data-types.md)
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SQL data types available in GridGain 9 — boolean, numeric, character, binary, date/time, UUID, and NULL — and how each maps to Java, .NET, and C++ types.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/E5m35nDQIncXReztPyzm" %}
[Keywords](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/keywords.md)
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Reserved and non-reserved SQL keywords in GridGain 9, with their reserved status in GridGain 9 and in the SQL:2016 standard.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/FNAt0oiLzG2J7QCWBUVk" %}
[Optimizer Hints](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/optimizer-hints.md)
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SQL optimizer hints in GridGain 9: hint block syntax, precedence rules, and the supported hints such as FORCE\_INDEX, NO\_INDEX, and ENFORCE\_JOIN\_ORDER.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/SxqHZjP5YIh4MWBDfjFG" %}
[Access Control Functions](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/access-control-functions.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
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Reference for the GridGain 9 access control SQL functions — creating and managing users, roles, privileges, and row-level security policies.
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{% column %}
{% content-ref url="/pages/C31HuU7YknXYDxhn65ke" %}
[EXPLAIN Statement](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/explain-statement.md)
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The EXPLAIN command in GridGain 9 displays the execution plan of an SQL query, including relational operators, attributes, and query-to-cluster mapping.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/7Vw2PAA3v5D3VaLkNI9V" %}
[List of Operators](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/explain-operators-list.md)
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Reference for all relational operators that can appear in a GridGain 9 EXPLAIN plan, with their semantics and supported attributes.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/qcL6pjY3UJTWP6XRTxQh" %}
[Grammar Reference](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/grammar-reference.md)
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Reference for the shared SQL grammar elements used across GridGain 9 DDL, DML, and other SQL statements, with the BNF syntax for each production.
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{% content-ref url="/pages/A5Qh5Uqk1NOKGou5zZCq" %}
[SQL Conformance](/docs/gridgain/gridgain-9/reference/sql/sql-conformance.md)
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GridGain 9 conformance with the ANSI SQL:2016 standard — the features that are supported and those that are not.
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