Comments - database password?
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You can restrict access to the data directory only to specific OS user or group, using usual OS means. You would need to run mysqld service under the same user. Don't give untrused people administrator level access to the box (so they can change the ACL), then you should be fine without encryption. "Someone" would not be able to copy files unless he has read access to the files.
Also, there is copious information available on encrypted file system or EFS - you're running on Windows, so you're probably lucky in that you can use FS encryption that comes out-of-the-box.
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14405356/how-to-encrypt-a-directory-with-application-specific-keys
seems to be related to your question.
Also, passwords are not stored in the DBMS. No idea where you have this information from.. Password hashes are stored, yes, but you (or anyone else) will have hard times retrieving clear password from hash.
Thank you for your help. I see, there is no easy answer for this and I have to use additional (OS-specific) solutions.
I was unsure whether there is a feature like MS-SQL TDE (transparent data encryption) and only I missed it. Therefore my question.
Thank you for your fast response. This forum and your work is of precious help.
Best regards, Thomas