Comments - Multiple servers
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SQL Server can use UTF-8, UTF-16 or UCS2, depending on the column's data type and the collation in use (quite confusing, I know). Check the columns you are having troubles with - which data types do they use in SQL Server? SQL Server documentation tells you the character set used for each type. Once you find that out, you can set the proper data type for each MariaDB column.
If you're in trouble trying to find out the correct character set used for a column, here's what I'd do. Make the MariaDB column BLOB - it will consider the text as binary, so there is not character set or collation. Import the data again. Then try to use some software or library to detect the text encoding.