Type Conversion
Contents
Implicit type conversion takes place when MariaDB is using operands or different types, in order to make the operands compatible.
It is best practice not to rely upon implicit conversion; rather use CAST to explicitly convert types.
Rules for Conversion on Comparison
- If either argument is NULL, the result of the comparison is NULL unless the NULL-safe <=> equality comparison operator is used.
- If both arguments are integers, they are compared as integers.
- If both arguments are strings, they are compared as strings.
- If one argument is decimal and the other argument is decimal or integer, they are compared as decimals.
- If one argument is decimal and the other argument is a floating point, they are compared as floating point values.
- If one argument is string and the other argument is integer, they are compared as decimals. This conversion was added in MariaDB 10.3.36. Prior to 10.3.36, this combination was compared as floating point values, which did not always work well for huge 64-bit integers because of a possible precision loss on conversion to double.
- If a hexadecimal argument is not compared to a number, it is treated as a binary string.
- If a constant is compared to a TIMESTAMP or DATETIME, the constant is converted to a timestamp, unless used as an argument to the IN function.
- In other cases, arguments are compared as floating point, or real, numbers.
Note that if a string column is being compared with a numeric value, MariaDB will not use the index on the column, as there are numerous alternatives that may evaluate as equal (see examples below).
Comparison Examples
Converting a string to a number:
SELECT 15+'15'; +---------+ | 15+'15' | +---------+ | 30 | +---------+
Converting a number to a string:
SELECT CONCAT(15,'15'); +-----------------+ | CONCAT(15,'15') | +-----------------+ | 1515 | +-----------------+
Floating point number errors:
SELECT '9746718491924563214' = 9746718491924563213; +---------------------------------------------+ | '9746718491924563214' = 9746718491924563213 | +---------------------------------------------+ | 1 | +---------------------------------------------+
Numeric equivalence with strings:
SELECT '5' = 5; +---------+ | '5' = 5 | +---------+ | 1 | +---------+ SELECT ' 5' = 5; +------------+ | ' 5' = 5 | +------------+ | 1 | +------------+ SELECT ' 5 ' = 5; +--------------+ | ' 5 ' = 5 | +--------------+ | 1 | +--------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.000 sec) SHOW WARNINGS; +-------+------+--------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +-------+------+--------------------------------------------+ | Note | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: ' 5 ' | +-------+------+--------------------------------------------+
As a result of the above, MariaDB cannot use the index when comparing a string with a numeric value in the example below:
CREATE TABLE t (a VARCHAR(10), b VARCHAR(10), INDEX idx_a (a));
INSERT INTO t VALUES
('1', '1'), ('2', '2'), ('3', '3'),
('4', '4'), ('5', '5'), ('1', '5');
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = '3' \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t
type: ref
possible_keys: idx_a
key: idx_a
key_len: 13
ref: const
rows: 1
Extra: Using index condition
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 3 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t
type: ALL
possible_keys: idx_a
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 6
Extra: Using where
Rules for Conversion on Dyadic Arithmetic Operations
Implicit type conversion also takes place on dyadic arithmetic operations (+,-,*,/). MariaDB chooses the minimum data type that is guaranteed to fit the result and converts both arguments to the result data type.
For addition (+), subtraction (-) and multiplication (*), the result data type is chosen as follows:
- If either of the arguments is an approximate number (float, double), the result is double.
- If either of the arguments is a string (char, varchar, text), the result is double.
- If either of the arguments is a decimal number, the result is decimal.
- If either of the arguments is of a temporal type with a non-zero fractional second precision (time(N), datetime(N), timestamp(N)), the result is decimal.
- If either of the arguments is of a temporal type with a zero fractional second precision (time(0), date, datetime(0), timestamp(0)), the result may vary between int, int unsigned, bigint or bigint unsigned, depending on the exact data type combination.
- If both arguments are integer numbers (tinyint, smallint, mediumint, bigint), the result may vary between int, int unsigned, bigint or bigint unsigned, depending of the exact data types and their signs.
For division (/), the result data type is chosen as follows:
- If either of the arguments is an approximate number (float, double), the result is double.
- If either of the arguments is a string (char, varchar, text), the result is double.
- Otherwise, the result is decimal.
Arithmetic Examples
Note, the above rules mean that when an argument of a temporal data type appears in addition or subtraction, it's treated as a number by default.
SELECT TIME'10:20:30' + 1; +--------------------+ | TIME'10:20:30' + 1 | +--------------------+ | 102031 | +--------------------+
In order to do temporal addition or subtraction instead, use the DATE_ADD() or DATE_SUB() functions, or an INTERVAL expression as the second argument:
SELECT TIME'10:20:30' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND; +------------------------------------+ | TIME'10:20:30' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND | +------------------------------------+ | 10:20:31 | +------------------------------------+
SELECT "2.2" + 3; +-----------+ | "2.2" + 3 | +-----------+ | 5.2 | +-----------+ SELECT 2.2 + 3; +---------+ | 2.2 + 3 | +---------+ | 5.2 | +---------+ SELECT 2.2 / 3; +---------+ | 2.2 / 3 | +---------+ | 0.73333 | +---------+ SELECT "2.2" / 3; +--------------------+ | "2.2" / 3 | +--------------------+ | 0.7333333333333334 | +--------------------+
