# SQL Functions

- [Functions & Operators](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/function-and-operator-reference.md): Comprehensive reference of all SQL functions and operators. This index lists built-in functions for string manipulation, math, date/time, and more.
- [Aggregate Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions.md): Perform calculations on multiple rows to return a single value. Includes standard SQL functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, and MAX, often used with GROUP BY.
- [AVG](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/avg.md): Calculate the average value. This function computes the arithmetic mean of a numeric expression, ignoring NULL values.
- [BIT\_AND](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/bit_and.md): Perform a bitwise AND operation. This function returns the result of performing a bitwise AND on all values in a given expression.
- [BIT\_OR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/bit_or.md): Perform a bitwise OR operation. This function returns the result of performing a bitwise OR on all values in a given expression.
- [BIT\_XOR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/bit_xor.md): Perform a bitwise XOR operation. This function returns the result of performing a bitwise XOR on all values in a given expression.
- [COUNT DISTINCT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/count-distinct.md): Count unique values. This function returns the number of distinct, non-NULL values found in the specified column or expression.
- [COUNT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/count.md): Complete COUNT() function reference: COUNT(\*) and COUNT(expr) syntax, COUNT(DISTINCT) usage, GROUP BY aggregation, and OVER(PARTITION BY) window syntax.
- [GROUP\_CONCAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/group_concat.md): Complete GROUP\_CONCAT reference for MariaDB. Complete function guide with syntax, parameters, return values, and usage examples for production use.
- [JSON\_ARRAYAGG](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/json_arrayagg.md): Aggregate values into a JSON array. This function aggregates a result set column into a single JSON array.
- [JSON\_OBJECTAGG](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/json_objectagg.md): Aggregate key-value pairs into a JSON object. This function aggregates two columns or expressions into a single JSON object.
- [MAX](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/max.md): Find the maximum value. This function returns the highest value in a set of values, applicable to numbers, strings, and dates.
- [MIN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/min.md): Find the minimum value. This function returns the lowest value in a set of values, applicable to numbers, strings, and dates.
- [STD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/std.md): Calculate population standard deviation. This function returns the square root of the population variance. It is a synonym for STDDEV\_POP().
- [STDDEV](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/stddev.md): Calculate population standard deviation. This function is a synonym for STD() and STDDEV\_POP(), returning the square root of the population variance.
- [STDDEV\_POP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/stddev_pop.md): Calculate population standard deviation. This function computes the standard deviation assuming the set of values represents the entire population.
- [STDDEV\_SAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/stddev_samp.md): Calculate sample standard deviation. This function computes the standard deviation assuming the set of values represents a sample of the population.
- [SUM](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/sum.md): Calculate the total sum. This function returns the sum of all values in a numeric expression, ignoring NULL values.
- [VAR\_POP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/var_pop.md): Calculate population variance. This function computes the statistical variance for a set of values assumed to be the entire population.
- [VAR\_SAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/var_samp.md): Calculate sample variance. This function computes the statistical variance for a set of values assumed to be a sample of the population.
- [VARIANCE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/variance.md): Calculate population variance. This function is a synonym for VAR\_POP() and returns the variance of a set of values.
- [Control Flow Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions.md): Learn about control flow functions in MariaDB Server. This section details SQL functions like IF, CASE, and NULLIF, which enable conditional logic within your queries and stored routines.
- [CASE OPERATOR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/case-operator.md): Implement conditional logic in SQL queries. This operator evaluates conditions and returns a specific value when the first true condition is met.
- [DECODE\_ORACLE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/decode_oracle.md): Compare a value against a list of conditions. This Oracle-compatible function returns a corresponding result when a match is found, or a default value otherwise.
- [IF Function](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/if-function.md): Complete IF() function reference: IF(expr1,expr2,expr3) conditional syntax, TRUE/NULL evaluation rules, return type context (numeric/string), and examples.
- [IFNULL](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/ifnull.md): Replace NULL values with a fallback. This function returns the first argument if it's not NULL; otherwise, it returns the specified replacement value.
- [NULLIF](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/nullif.md): Compare two expressions and return NULL if they are equal. If the expressions differ, the function returns the first expression.
- [NVL](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/nvl.md): Synonym for IFNULL. This Oracle-compatible function returns the first argument if it is not NULL, or the second argument if the first is NULL.
- [NVL2](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/control-flow-functions/nvl2.md): Return values based on NULL status. This function returns the second argument if the first is not NULL, and the third argument if the first is NULL.
- [Date & Time Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions.md): Complete MariaDB date and time functions guide. Complete reference for formatting, calculations, conversions, time zones, and operations for production use.
- [Date and Time Units](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/date-and-time-units.md): Reference keywords for date arithmetic. These units, such as DAY, HOUR, and MINUTE, specify the interval type used in functions like DATE\_ADD and EXTRACT.
- [ADD\_MONTHS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/add_months.md): Add a specific number of months to a date. This Oracle-compatible function simplifies date calculations involving monthly intervals.
- [ADDDATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/adddate.md): Add a time interval to a date. This function performs date arithmetic, adding a specified value like days or hours to a starting date.
- [ADDTIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/addtime.md): Add a time value to a date or time expression. This function sums two time arguments, returning a new time or datetime result.
- [CONVERT\_TZ](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/convert_tz.md): Convert a datetime value between time zones. This function shifts a timestamp from a source time zone to a target time zone.
- [CURDATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/curdate.md): Return the current date. This function outputs today's date as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD' or YYYYMMDD format, depending on the context.
- [CURRENT\_DATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/current_date.md): Synonym for CURDATE(). Returns the current date as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD' or YYYYMMDD format.
- [CURRENT\_TIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/current_time.md): Synonym for CURTIME(). Returns the current time as a value in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format.
- [CURRENT\_TIMESTAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/current_timestamp.md): Synonym for NOW(). Returns the current date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format.
- [CURTIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/curtime.md): Return the current time. This function outputs the current time of day as a value in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format.
- [DATE FUNCTION](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/date-function.md): Extract the date part from a datetime expression. This function returns the year, month, and day portions, discarding the time component.
- [DATE\_ADD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/date_add.md): Complete DATE\_ADD() reference: DATE\_ADD(date, INTERVAL expr unit) syntax, negative interval support, unit keywords (DAY/MONTH/YEAR), and return types.
- [DATE\_FORMAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/date_format.md): Complete DATE\_FORMAT reference for MariaDB. Complete function guide with syntax, parameters, return values, and usage examples with comprehensive examples.
- [DATE\_SUB](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/date_sub.md): Subtract a time interval from a date. This function calculates a past date by subtracting a specified unit, such as days, from a starting value.
- [DATEDIFF](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/datediff.md): Complete DATEDIFF() reference: DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2) syntax, date vs datetime expression handling, time component ignore, and positive/negative results.
- [DAY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/day.md): Synonym for DAYOFMONTH(). Returns the day of the month (1-31) for a given date.
- [DAYNAME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/dayname.md): Return the name of the weekday. This function returns the full name of the day, such as 'Monday' or 'Sunday', for a given date.
- [DAYOFMONTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/dayofmonth.md): Return the day of the month. This function extracts the day portion of a date, returning a number from 1 to 31.
- [DAYOFWEEK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/dayofweek.md): Return the weekday index. This function returns a number from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday) representing the day of the week.
- [DAYOFYEAR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/dayofyear.md): Return the day of the year. This function returns a number from 1 to 366 indicating the day's position within the year.
- [EXTRACT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/extract.md): Extract a specific part of a date. This function retrieves components like YEAR, MONTH, DAY, or HOUR from a date or datetime expression.
- [FORMAT\_PICO\_TIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/format_pico_time.md): Format a time in picoseconds. This function converts a numeric picosecond value into a human-readable string with units like ps, ns, us, ms, s, m, h, or d.
- [FROM\_DAYS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/from_days.md): Convert a day number to a date. This function returns a DATE value corresponding to the number of days since year 0.
- [FROM\_UNIXTIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/from_unixtime.md): Convert a Unix timestamp to a datetime. This function formats a Unix timestamp as a date string or number in the current time zone.
- [GET\_FORMAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/get_format.md): Return a format string. This function provides standard format strings for DATE\_FORMAT and STR\_TO\_DATE based on regions like 'USA' or 'EUR'.
- [HOUR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/hour.md): Extract the hour. This function returns the hour portion of a time or datetime value as a number from 0 to 23.
- [LAST\_DAY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/last_day.md): Return the last day of the month. This function calculates the date of the final day for the month containing the given date.
- [LOCALTIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/localtime.md): Synonym for NOW(). Returns the current date and time in the session time zone.
- [LOCALTIMESTAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/localtimestamp.md): Synonym for NOW(). Returns the current date and time in the session time zone as a datetime value.
- [MAKEDATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/makedate.md): Create a date from a year and day of year. This function constructs a DATE value given a year and the day number within that year.
- [MAKETIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/maketime.md): Create a time from hour, minute, and second. This function constructs a TIME value from three numeric arguments.
- [MICROSECOND](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/microsecond.md): Extract microseconds. This function returns the microsecond part of a time or datetime expression as a number from 0 to 999999.
- [Microseconds in MariaDB](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/microseconds-in-mariadb.md): Understand microsecond precision. This concept page explains how MariaDB stores and handles fractional seconds in time data types.
- [MINUTE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/minute.md): Extract the minute. This function returns the minute portion of a time or datetime value as a number from 0 to 59.
- [MONTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/month.md): Extract the month. This function returns the month portion of a date as a number from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
- [MONTHNAME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/monthname.md): Return the name of the month. This function returns the full name of the month, such as 'January' or 'December', for a given date.
- [MONTHS\_BETWEEN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/months_between.md): Calculate the difference between two months.
- [NOW](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/now.md): Complete NOW() function reference: NOW(\[precision]) and CURRENT\_TIMESTAMP synonyms, TIMESTAMP vs DATETIME types, timezone/DST handling, and fractional seconds.
- [PERIOD\_ADD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/period_add.md): Add months to a period. This function adds a specified number of months to a period formatted as YYMM or YYYYMM.
- [PERIOD\_DIFF](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/period_diff.md): Calculate the difference between periods. This function returns the number of months between two periods formatted as YYMM or YYYYMM.
- [QUARTER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/quarter.md): Return the quarter of the year. This function returns a number from 1 to 4 indicating the quarter for a given date.
- [SEC\_TO\_TIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/sec_to_time.md): Convert seconds to time. This function returns a TIME value corresponding to the number of seconds elapsed from the start of the day.
- [SECOND](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/second.md): Extract the second. This function returns the second portion of a time or datetime value as a number from 0 to 59.
- [STR\_TO\_DATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/str_to_date.md): Complete STR\_TO\_DATE() reference: parse strings to DATE/TIME/DATETIME, format specifiers (%Y %m %d %H %i %s), invalid input handling, and SQL\_MODE errors.
- [SUBDATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/subdate.md): Subtract a time interval from a date. This synonym for DATE\_SUB calculates a past date by subtracting a specified unit from a starting value.
- [SUBTIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/subtime.md): Subtract a time value. This function subtracts one time or datetime expression from another and returns the result.
- [SYSDATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/sysdate.md): Return the time of execution. Unlike NOW(), which returns the start time of the statement, SYSDATE() returns the time it executes.
- [TIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/time-function.md): Extract the time portion. This function returns the time part of a time or datetime expression.
- [TIME\_FORMAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/time_format.md): Format a time. This function formats a time value according to a format string, similar to DATE\_FORMAT but for time values.
- [TIME\_TO\_SEC](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/time_to_sec.md)
- [TIMEDIFF](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/timediff.md): Subtract two time values. This function calculates the difference between two time or datetime expressions.
- [TIMESTAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/timestamp-function.md): Convert to datetime or add time. With one argument, it returns a datetime; with two, it adds a time expression to a date or datetime.
- [TIMESTAMPADD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/timestampadd.md): Add an interval to a timestamp. This function adds a specified integer number of units (like MONTH or SECOND) to a datetime expression.
- [TIMESTAMPDIFF](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/timestampdiff.md): Calculate the difference between timestamps. This function returns the difference between two datetime expressions in the specified unit.
- [TO\_DATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/to_date.md)
- [TO\_DAYS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/to_days.md): Convert a date to a day number. This function returns the number of days between year 0 and the given date.
- [TO\_SECONDS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/to_seconds.md): Convert a date to seconds. This function returns the number of seconds from year 0 to the given date or datetime.
- [TRUNC](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/trunc.md): Truncate a date. In Oracle mode, this function truncates a date value to a specified unit of measure.
- [UNIX\_TIMESTAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/unix_timestamp.md): Return a Unix timestamp. This function returns the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC).
- [UTC\_DATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/utc_date.md): Return the current UTC date. This function returns the current Coordinated Universal Time date in 'YYYY-MM-DD' or YYYYMMDD format.
- [UTC\_TIME](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/utc_time.md): Return the current UTC time. This function returns the current Coordinated Universal Time in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format.
- [UTC\_TIMESTAMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/utc_timestamp.md): Return the current UTC timestamp. This function returns the current Coordinated Universal Time date and time.
- [WEEK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/week.md): Return the week number. This function returns the week number for a date, with an optional mode to define the start of the week.
- [WEEKDAY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/weekday.md): Return the weekday index. This function returns the index of the day of the week (0=Monday, 6=Sunday).
- [WEEKOFYEAR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/weekofyear.md): Return the calendar week. This function returns the week number of the date (1-53), equivalent to WEEK(date, 3).
- [YEAR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/year.md): Extract the year. This function returns the year portion of a date as a number from 1000 to 9999.
- [YEARWEEK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/date-time-functions/yearweek.md): Return the year and week. This function returns the year and week number for a date, useful for grouping results by week.
- [Numeric Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions.md): Learn about numeric functions in MariaDB Server. This section details SQL functions for performing mathematical calculations, rounding, and manipulating numeric values in your queries.
- [ABS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/abs.md): Calculate absolute value. This function returns the non-negative value of a number, removing any negative sign.
- [ACOS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/acos.md): Calculate arc cosine. This function returns the angle in radians whose cosine is the given number.
- [ASIN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/asin.md): Calculate arc cosine. This function returns the angle in radians whose cosine is the given number.
- [ATAN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/atan.md): Calculate arc tangent. This function returns the angle in radians whose tangent is the given number.
- [ATAN2](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/atan2.md): Calculate arc tangent of two variables. This function returns the angle in radians between the positive x-axis and the point (X, Y).
- [CEIL](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/ceil.md): Synonym for CEILING(). Rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
- [CEILING](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/ceiling.md): Round up to the nearest integer. This function returns the smallest integer value that is greater than or equal to the argument.
- [CONV](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/conv.md): Convert numbers between bases. This function transforms a number from one numeric base system to another.
- [COS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/cos.md): Calculate cosine. This function returns the cosine of an angle given in radians.
- [COT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/cot.md): Calculate cotangent. This function returns the cotangent of an angle given in radians.
- [CRC32](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/crc32.md): Compute cyclic redundancy check. This function returns a 32-bit unsigned integer representing the CRC32 checksum of a string.
- [CRC32C](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/crc32c.md): Compute CRC32C checksum. This function calculates a cyclic redundancy check value using the Castagnoli polynomial.
- [DEGREES](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/degrees.md): Convert radians to degrees. This function transforms an angle measured in radians to its equivalent in degrees.
- [DIV](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/div.md): Perform integer division. This operator divides one number by another and returns the integer result, discarding any remainder.
- [EXP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/exp.md): Calculate exponential value. This function returns the value of e (the base of natural logarithms) raised to the power of the argument.
- [FLOOR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/floor.md): Round down to the nearest integer. This function returns the largest integer value that is less than or equal to the argument.
- [LN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/ln.md): Calculate natural logarithm. This function returns the logarithm of a number to the base e.
- [LOG](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/log.md): Calculate logarithm. This function returns the natural logarithm of a number, or the logarithm to a specified base if two arguments are provided.
- [LOG10](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/log10.md): Calculate base-10 logarithm. This function returns the logarithm of a number to the base 10.
- [LOG2](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/log2.md): Calculate base-2 logarithm. This function returns the logarithm of a number to the base 2.
- [MOD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/mod.md): Calculate modulo. This function returns the remainder of a number divided by another number.
- [OCT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/oct.md): Convert to octal. This function returns the octal string representation of a numeric argument.
- [PI](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/pi.md): Return the value of pi. This function returns the mathematical constant π (approximately 3.141593).
- [POW](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/pow.md): Synonym for POWER(). Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number.
- [POWER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/power.md): Calculate power. This function returns the value of a number raised to the specified exponent.
- [RADIANS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/radians.md): Convert degrees to radians. This function transforms an angle measured in degrees to its equivalent in radians.
- [RAND](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/rand.md): Generate a random number. This function returns a random floating-point value between 0 and 1.
- [ROUND](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/round.md): Round a number. This function rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.
- [SIGN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/sign.md): Return the sign of a number. This function returns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the argument is negative, zero, or positive.
- [SIN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/sin.md): Calculate sine. This function returns the sine of an angle given in radians.
- [SQRT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/sqrt.md): Calculate square root. This function returns the non-negative square root of a number.
- [TAN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/tan.md): Calculate tangent. This function returns the tangent of an angle given in radians.
- [TO\_NUMBER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/to_number.md): Convert a string to a number. This Oracle-compatible function parses a string using a specified format and returns a numeric value.
- [TRUNCATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/numeric-functions/truncate.md): Truncate a number. This function truncates a number to a specified number of decimal places.
- [Pseudo Columns](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/pseudo-columns.md): MariaDB has pseudo columns that can be used for different purposes.
- [\_rowid](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/pseudo-columns/_rowid.md): Access the unique row identifier. This pseudo column often aliases the primary key, allowing direct row access even if the primary key column name is unknown.
- [Secondary Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions.md): Explore secondary functions in MariaDB Server. This section details various SQL functions that support specialized operations, enhancing data manipulation and analysis beyond core functionalities.
- [Bit Functions and Operators](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators.md): Perform bitwise logic and manipulation. This section covers operators like AND, OR, XOR, and functions for shifting bits or counting set bits in binary data.
- [BIT\_COUNT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/bit_count.md): Count the set bits. This function returns the number of bits that are set to 1 in the binary representation of a number.
- [~](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/bitwise-not.md): Invert all bits. This unary operator flips every bit in the operand, changing 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s.
- [|](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/bitwise-or.md): Perform bitwise OR. This operator compares bits and returns 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits is 1.
- [^](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/bitwise-xor.md): Perform bitwise exclusive OR. This operator returns 1 only if the corresponding bits of the operands are different.
- [&](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/bitwise_and.md): Perform bitwise AND. This operator compares bits of two operands and returns 1 only if both corresponding bits are 1.
- [Parentheses](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/parentheses.md): Control operator precedence. Parentheses are used to group expressions and enforce the order of evaluation in complex operations.
- [<<](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/shift-left.md): Shift bits to the left. This operator shifts the binary representation of a number to the left by a specified number of positions, filling with zeros.
- [>>](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/shift-right.md): Shift bits to the right. This operator shifts the binary representation of a number to the right by a specified number of positions.
- [TRUE FALSE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/bit-functions-and-operators/true-false.md): Boolean literal for 1 = TRUE or 0 = FALSE, respectively.
- [Encryption, Hashing and Compression Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions.md): Learn about encryption, hashing, and compression functions. This section details SQL functions for securing data, generating hashes, and compressing/decompressing information within your database.
- [AES\_DECRYPT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/aes_decrypt.md): Decrypt data using AES. This function decrypts a string that was encrypted using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.
- [AES\_ENCRYPT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/aes_encrypt.md): Encrypt data using AES. This function encrypts a string using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and returns a binary string.
- [COMPRESS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/compress.md): Compress a string. This function compresses a string argument and returns the result as a binary string, useful for saving storage space.
- [DECODE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/decode.md): Decrypt a string. This function decrypts an encrypted string using a password. It is the reverse of the ENCODE function.
- [DES\_DECRYPT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/des_decrypt.md): Decrypt data using DES. This function decrypts a string that was encrypted using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm.
- [DES\_ENCRYPT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/des_encrypt.md): Encrypt data using DES. This function encrypts a string using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm.
- [ENCODE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/encode.md): Encrypt a string. This function encrypts a string using a password, returning a binary string. It is the reverse of the DECODE function.
- [ENCRYPT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/encrypt.md): Encrypt a string using Unix crypt(). This function encrypts a string using the Unix crypt() system call, typically used for password hashing.
- [KDF](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/kdf.md): Derive a key. This function derives a key from a password using a Key Derivation Function (KDF), enhancing security for password storage.
- [MD5](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/md5.md): Calculate MD5 checksum. This function returns the MD5 hash of a string as a 32-character hexadecimal number.
- [OLD\_PASSWORD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/old_password.md): Generate pre-4.1 password hash. This function creates a password hash compatible with the hashing method used in MySQL versions prior to 4.1.
- [PASSWORD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/password.md): Calculate password hash. This function calculates a password hash string for a plaintext password.
- [RANDOM\_BYTES](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/random_bytes.md): Generate random bytes. This function returns a binary string of random bytes of a specified length, suitable for cryptographic use.
- [SHA1](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/sha1.md): Calculate SHA-1 checksum. This function computes the SHA-1 160-bit checksum for a string, returning a 40-character hexadecimal string.
- [SHA2](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/sha2.md): Calculate SHA-2 checksum. This function computes the SHA-2 family of hash functions (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512).
- [UNCOMPRESS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/uncompress.md): Uncompress a compressed string. This function uncompresses a binary string compressed by the COMPRESS function.
- [UNCOMPRESSED\_LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/encryption-hashing-and-compression-functions/uncompressed_length.md): Return length of uncompressed string. This function returns the length of a compressed string before it was compressed.
- [Information Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions.md): Retrieve system and session metadata. This section details functions to access database names, user details, version info, and query statistics like row counts.
- [BENCHMARK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/benchmark.md): Execute an expression repeatedly. This function runs a scalar expression a specified number of times, primarily for measuring query execution speed.
- [BINLOG\_GTID\_POS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/binlog_gtid_pos.md): Retrieve GTID position from a binary log file. This function returns the Global Transaction ID corresponding to a specific file and position in the binlog.
- [CHARSET](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/charset.md): Return the character set of a string. This function identifies the character set encoding used by the argument.
- [COERCIBILITY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/coercibility.md): Determine collation coercibility. This function returns a numeric value indicating the priority of the argument's collation in comparison operations.
- [COLLATION](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/collation.md): Return the collation of a string. This function outputs the name of the collation rule used for sorting and comparing the string argument.
- [CONNECTION\_ID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/connection_id.md): Return the connection ID. This function retrieves the unique thread identifier for the current client connection.
- [CURRENT\_ROLE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/current_role.md): Returns the current role. The current role can be set with SET ROLE or SET DEFAULT ROLE.
- [CURRENT\_USER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/current_user.md): Return the authenticated user name. This function displays the user name and host name combination used by the server to authenticate the current client.
- [DATABASE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/database.md): Return the default database name. This function outputs the name of the currently selected database for the session.
- [DECODE\_HISTOGRAM](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/decode_histogram.md): Inspect histogram data. This function allows viewing the distribution statistics stored in a histogram for query optimization analysis.
- [DEFAULT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/default.md): Return the default value for a column. This function retrieves the value assigned to a column if no explicit value is provided during insertion.
- [FOUND\_ROWS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/found_rows.md): Count rows found by the last SELECT statement. This function returns the total number of rows matching the query, disregarding any LIMIT clause.
- [LAST\_INSERT\_ID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/last_insert_id.md): Return the last automatically generated value. This function retrieves the most recent AUTO\_INCREMENT value generated by an INSERT statement.
- [LAST\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/last_value.md): Return the last value from a sequence. This function retrieves the most recently generated value from a sequence object.
- [PROCEDURE ANALYSE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/procedure-analyse.md): Analyze query results. This procedure examines the result set and suggests optimal data types for columns based on the data.
- [ROW\_COUNT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/row_count.md): Count rows affected by the last statement. This function returns the number of rows inserted, updated, or deleted by the previous DML operation.
- [ROWNUM](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/rownum.md)
- [SCHEMA](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/schema.md): Synonym for DATABASE(). Returns the name of the default database currently in use.
- [SESSION\_USER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/session_user.md): Return the current user name. This function returns the user name and host name as provided by the client when connecting.
- [SYSTEM\_USER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/system_user.md): Synonym for USER(). Returns the MariaDB user name and host name associated with the current session.
- [USER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/user.md): Return the current MariaDB user. This function returns the user name and host name provided by the client upon connection.
- [VERSION](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/information-functions/version.md): Complete VERSION reference for MariaDB. Complete function guide with syntax, parameters, return values, and usage examples with comprehensive examples and.
- [Miscellaneous Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions.md): Explore specialized utilities. This category includes functions for benchmarking, managing UUIDs, converting IP addresses, and handling binary data formats.
- [FORMAT\_BYTES](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/miscellaneous-functions-format_bytes.md): Convert bytes to a human-readable string. This function formats a numeric byte count into units like KiB, MiB, GiB, up to EiB.
- [GET\_LOCK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/get_lock.md): Acquire a named user-level lock. This function attempts to obtain a lock with a specified name and timeout, returning 1 on success or 0 on timeout.
- [INET6\_ATON](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/inet6_aton.md): Convert an IPv6 address to binary. This function takes an IPv6 (or IPv4) address string and returns it as a VARBINARY(16) string.
- [INET6\_NTOA](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/inet6_ntoa.md): Convert a binary IPv6 address to string. This function takes a binary IPv6 address (like from INET6\_ATON) and returns its human-readable string representation.
- [INET\_ATON](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/inet_aton.md): Convert an IPv4 address to an integer. This function takes a dotted-quad IP string (e.g., '1.2.3.4') and returns its numeric representation.
- [INET\_NTOA](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/inet_ntoa.md): Convert an integer to an IPv4 address. This function takes a numeric IP value and returns its dotted-quad string representation.
- [IS\_FREE\_LOCK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/is_free_lock.md): Check if a named lock is free. This function returns 1 if the specified lock is available (not currently held), and 0 if it is in use.
- [IS\_IPV4](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/is_ipv4.md): Check validity of an IPv4 address. This function returns 1 if the argument is a valid IPv4 address string, and 0 otherwise.
- [IS\_IPV4\_COMPAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/is_ipv4_compat.md): Check if an IPv6 address is IPv4-compatible. This function returns 1 if the binary IPv6 address represents an IPv4-compatible address.
- [IS\_IPV4\_MAPPED](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/is_ipv4_mapped.md): Check if an IPv6 address is IPv4-mapped. This function returns 1 if the binary IPv6 address represents an IPv4-mapped address.
- [IS\_IPV6](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/is_ipv6.md): Check validity of an IPv6 address. This function returns 1 if the argument is a valid IPv6 address string, and 0 otherwise.
- [IS\_USED\_LOCK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/is_used_lock.md): Check who holds a named lock. This function returns the connection identifier of the client holding the lock, or NULL if the lock is free.
- [MASTER\_GTID\_WAIT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/master_gtid_wait.md): Wait for a replica to apply a GTID. This function blocks until the replica has executed transactions up to the specified Global Transaction ID.
- [MASTER\_POS\_WAIT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/master_pos_wait.md): Wait for a replica to reach a log position. This function blocks until the replica has read and applied updates up to a specified position in the master's binary log.
- [NAME\_CONST](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/name_const.md): Force a column name for an expression. This function is primarily used internally for replication to ensure consistent column naming.
- [OLD\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/old-value.md): Access values in ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. This function retrieves the value that would have been inserted into a column if no key conflict occurred.
- [RELEASE\_ALL\_LOCKS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/release_all_locks.md): Release all named locks held by the session. This function frees all user-level locks acquired with GET\_LOCK() in the current connection.
- [RELEASE\_LOCK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/release_lock.md): Release a specific named lock. This function frees a user-level lock previously obtained with GET\_LOCK(), allowing others to acquire it.
- [SLEEP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/sleep.md): Pause query execution. This function pauses the script for a specified number of seconds, returning 0 if successful or 1 if interrupted.
- [SYS\_GUID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/sys_guid.md): Generate a UUID without hyphens. This Oracle-compatible function returns a globally unique identifier as a 32-character hexadecimal string.
- [UUID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/uuid.md): Official UUID() function reference: generate UUIDv1 values, 128-bit 36-character format (aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee), and replication safety.
- [UUID\_SHORT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/uuid_short.md): Generate a short 64-bit UUID. This function returns a unique, monotonically increasing integer suitable for use as a compact identifier.
- [UUID\_v4](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/uuid_v4.md): Generate a random UUID (v4). This function returns a version 4 UUID, which is generated using random numbers.
- [UUID\_v7](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/uuid_v7.md): Generate a time-ordered UUID (v7). This function returns a version 7 UUID, which is sortable by creation time.
- [VALUES / VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/secondary-functions/miscellaneous-functions/values-value.md): Access values in ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. This function retrieves the value that would have been inserted into a column if no key conflict occurred.
- [Special Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions.md): Explore special functions in MariaDB Server. This section details unique SQL functions that provide specialized capabilities, often related to server internals, diagnostics, or specific data handling.
- [Dynamic Columns Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions.md): Manage schema-less data within relational tables. These functions, such as COLUMN\_CREATE and COLUMN\_GET, allow you to store and retrieve variable sets of columns in a single BLOB field.
- [COLUMN\_ADD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_add.md): Update dynamic columns. This function adds or updates values within a dynamic column blob, returning the new blob content.
- [COLUMN\_CHECK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_check.md): Verify dynamic column integrity. This function checks if a blob containing dynamic columns is valid and returns 1 if it is, 0 otherwise.
- [COLUMN\_CREATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_create.md): Create a dynamic column blob. This function generates a binary string containing specified column names and values for storage in a BLOB.
- [COLUMN\_DELETE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_delete.md): Remove dynamic columns. This function deletes specified columns from a dynamic column blob and returns the updated blob.
- [COLUMN\_EXISTS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_exists.md): Check for a dynamic column. This function returns 1 if a specified column exists within a dynamic column blob, and 0 otherwise.
- [COLUMN\_GET](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_get.md): Retrieve a dynamic column value. This function extracts a specific column's value from a dynamic column blob, casting it to a specified type.
- [COLUMN\_JSON](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_json.md): Convert dynamic columns to JSON. This function returns a JSON string representation of the data stored in a dynamic column blob.
- [COLUMN\_LIST](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/dynamic-columns-functions/column_list.md): List dynamic column names. This function returns a comma-separated list of all column names contained within a dynamic column blob.
- [Galera Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/galera-functions.md): Interact with the Galera Cluster plugin. These functions provide internal status information and control mechanisms specific to synchronous multi-master replication nodes.
- [WSREP\_LAST\_SEEN\_GTID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/galera-functions/wsrep_last_seen_gtid.md): Return the GTID of the most recent write transaction. This function helps determine the transaction ID to use for synchronization waiting.
- [WSREP\_LAST\_WRITTEN\_GTID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/galera-functions/wsrep_last_written_gtid.md): Return the GTID of the client's last write. This function identifies the specific transaction ID generated by the current client's most recent write operation.
- [WSREP\_SYNC\_WAIT\_UPTO\_GTID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/galera-functions/wsrep_sync_wait_upto_gtid.md): Wait for a specific GTID to be applied. This function blocks the client until the node has committed the transaction with the specified Global Transaction ID.
- [Geographic Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/geographic-functions.md): Process geospatial data. This collection of functions allows you to create, analyze, and manipulate geometric shapes like points, lines, and polygons within your database.
- [JSON Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions.md): Complete JSON Functions reference: JSON\_EXTRACT(), JSON\_SET(), JSON\_REPLACE(), JSON\_SEARCH() syntax for path queries, document updates, and value retrieval.
- [JSONPath Expressions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/jsonpath-expressions.md): Understand JSONPath syntax. This guide explains how to use JSONPath to select and extract specific elements, objects, or arrays from JSON documents.
- [Differences between JSON\_QUERY and JSON\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/differences-between-json_query-and-json_value.md): Learn the difference between JSON\_QUERY and JSON\_VALUE in MariaDB. JSON\_QUERY returns objects or arrays, while JSON\_VALUE extracts scalar values.
- [JSON\_ARRAY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_array.md): Create a JSON array. This function evaluates a list of values and returns a JSON array containing those values.
- [JSON\_ARRAY\_APPEND](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_array_append.md): Explore JSON\_ARRAY\_APPEND in MariaDB. This function appends values to the end of specified arrays within a JSON document, returning the modified result.
- [JSON\_ARRAY\_INSERT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_array_insert.md): This function inserts values into a JSON document at a specified path, returning the modified document, and supports evaluating multiple path-value pairs sequentially.
- [JSON\_ARRAY\_INTERSECT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_array_intersect.md): Available from version 11.2, this function compares two JSON arrays and returns a new array containing only the items present in both.
- [JSON\_COMPACT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_compact.md): Learn about the JSON\_COMPACT function in MariaDB. This function removes all unnecessary whitespace from a JSON document, minimizing its size for efficient storage and transmission.
- [JSON\_CONTAINS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_contains.md): Check for JSON containment. This function returns 1 if a candidate JSON document is contained within a target JSON document, or 0 otherwise.
- [JSON\_CONTAINS\_PATH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_contains_path.md): Check for a JSON path. This function returns 1 if a specified path exists within a JSON document, or 0 if it does not.
- [JSON\_DEPTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_depth.md): Discover JSON\_DEPTH in MariaDB. This function returns the maximum depth of a JSON document, assigning a depth of 1 to scalars and empty structures, and higher values for nested data.
- [JSON\_DETAILED](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_detailed.md): Explore JSON\_DETAILED in MariaDB. Also known as JSON\_PRETTY, this function formats JSON documents with indentation and newlines to emphasize nested structures for readability.
- [JSON\_EQUALS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_equals.md): Discover JSON\_EQUALS in MariaDB. This function checks for equality between two JSON objects, returning 1 if they are equal, 0 if not, handling key order and data types intelligently.
- [JSON\_EXISTS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_exists.md): Explore JSON\_EXISTS in MariaDB. This function checks whether a specified JSON document contains an element at a given path, returning 1 for existence and 0 otherwise.
- [JSON\_EXTRACT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_extract.md): Complete JSON\_EXTRACT() reference: JSON\_EXTRACT(json\_doc, path\[, path]...) syntax, JSONPath arguments, NULL/error behavior, and multi-match array autowrap.
- [JSON\_INSERT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_insert.md): Learn about the JSON\_INSERT function in MariaDB. This function inserts new data into a JSON document without replacing existing values, returning the updated document or NULL.
- [JSON\_KEY\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_key_value.md): Explore JSON\_KEY\_VALUE in MariaDB. Available from version 11.2, this function extracts key/value pairs from a JSON object, enabling easier data transformation and usage with JSON\_TABLE.
- [JSON\_KEYS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_keys.md): Return keys from a JSON object. This function returns the keys from the top-level value of a JSON object as a JSON array.
- [JSON\_LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_length.md): Return the length of a JSON document. This function returns the length of a JSON document or, if a path is given, the length of the value within the path.
- [JSON\_LOOSE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_loose.md): Discover JSON\_LOOSE in MariaDB. This function adds spaces to a JSON document to improve its readability, providing a format that is easier for humans to scan than compact JSON.
- [JSON\_MERGE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_merge.md): Merge JSON documents. This function merges two or more JSON documents into a single JSON document, preserving all keys and values.
- [JSON\_MERGE\_PATCH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_merge_patch.md): Learn about JSON\_MERGE\_PATCH in MariaDB. This RFC 7396-compliant function merges JSON documents by overwriting duplicate keys, serving as a modern replacement for the deprecated JSON\_MERGE.
- [JSON\_MERGE\_PRESERVE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_merge_preserve.md): Explore JSON\_MERGE\_PRESERVE in MariaDB. This function merges JSON documents while keeping all members, including those with duplicate keys, effectively acting as a synonym for the legacy JSON\_MERGE.
- [JSON\_NORMALIZE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_normalize.md): Discover JSON\_NORMALIZE in MariaDB. This function recursively sorts keys and removes spaces from a JSON document, enabling reliable equality comparisons and unique constraints on JSON data.
- [JSON\_OBJECT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_object.md): Create a JSON object. This function evaluates a list of key-value pairs and returns a JSON object containing those pairs.
- [JSON\_OBJECT\_FILTER\_KEYS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_object_filter_keys.md): Discover JSON\_OBJECT\_FILTER\_KEYS in MariaDB. Available from version 11.2, this function returns a new JSON object containing only the key-value pairs where the keys match those provided in a specified
- [JSON\_OBJECT\_TO\_ARRAY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_object_to_array.md): Explore JSON\_OBJECT\_TO\_ARRAY in MariaDB. Available from version 11.2, this function converts JSON objects into arrays of key-value pairs, facilitating operations like finding common values when used w
- [JSON\_OVERLAPS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_overlaps.md): Discover JSON\_OVERLAPS in MariaDB. Available from version 10.9, this function compares two JSON documents, returning true if they share at least one common key-value pair, array element, or scalar val
- [JSON\_PRETTY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_pretty.md): Learn about JSON\_PRETTY in MariaDB. This function is an alias for JSON\_DETAILED, serving to format JSON documents in a human-readable way by adding indentation and newlines.
- [JSON\_QUERY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_query.md): Extract a JSON object or array. This function extracts data from a JSON document at a given path, returning a JSON object or array.
- [JSON\_QUOTE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_quote.md): Quote a string as a JSON value. This function wraps a string with double quotes and escapes special characters to create a valid JSON string literal.
- [JSON\_REMOVE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_remove.md): Remove data from a JSON document. This function removes data from a JSON document at a specified path and returns the result.
- [JSON\_REPLACE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_replace.md): Replace values in a JSON document. This function replaces existing values in a JSON document and returns the result.
- [JSON\_SCHEMA\_VALID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_schema_valid.md): Discover JSON\_SCHEMA\_VALID in MariaDB. Available from version 11.1, this function validates a JSON document against a specified JSON Schema (Draft 2020), returning true if valid.
- [JSON\_SEARCH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_search.md): Search for a value in a JSON document. This function returns the path to the given string within a JSON document.
- [JSON\_SET](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_set.md): Insert or update data in a JSON document. This function inserts or updates data in a JSON document at a specified path and returns the result.
- [JSON\_TABLE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_table.md): Convert JSON data to a relational table. This table function extracts data from a JSON document and returns it as a relational table with columns.
- [JSON\_TYPE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_type.md): Return the type of a JSON value. This function returns a string indicating the type of a JSON value (e.g., OBJECT, ARRAY, INTEGER).
- [JSON\_UNQUOTE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_unquote.md): Unquote a JSON value. This function removes the quotes from a JSON string and unescapes special characters.
- [JSON\_VALID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_valid.md): Check if a value is valid JSON. This function returns 1 if the argument is a valid JSON document, and 0 otherwise.
- [JSON\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json_value.md): Extract a scalar value from a JSON document. This function extracts a value from a JSON document at a given path and returns it as a scalar.
- [JSON Validation Function](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/json-functions/json-validation-function.md)
- [Window Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions.md): Explore window functions in MariaDB Server. This section details SQL functions that perform calculations across a set of table rows related to the current row, enabling advanced analytical queries.
- [Window Functions Overview](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/window-functions-overview.md): Understand window function concepts. These functions operate on a set of rows (window) defined by an OVER clause, returning a value for each row without collapsing results.
- [Window Frames](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/window-frames.md): Define subsets of rows for calculation. Window frames specify which rows relative to the current row are included in the window function's calculation.
- [ColumnStore Window Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/window-functions-columnstore-window-functions.md): Review window function support in ColumnStore. This page details the specific window functions and limitations applicable when using the ColumnStore storage engine.
- [CUME\_DIST](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/cume_dist.md): Calculate cumulative distribution. This function returns the relative rank of the current row within its partition, calculated as the percentage of rows preceding or peer to it.
- [DENSE\_RANK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/dense_rank.md): Calculate rank without gaps. This function assigns a rank to each row within a partition, with tied values receiving the same rank and no numbers skipped.
- [FIRST\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/first_value.md): Return the value from the first row in the window frame. This function retrieves the value of an expression from the first row of the defined window.
- [LAG](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/lag.md): Access data from a preceding row. This function returns the value of an expression from a row at a specified physical offset prior to the current row.
- [LEAD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/lead.md): Access data from a following row. This function returns the value of an expression from a row at a specified physical offset after the current row.
- [MEDIAN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/median.md): Calculate the median value. This window function returns the middle value (50th percentile) of an ordered set of values within the window.
- [NTH\_VALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/nth_value.md): Return the value from the N-th row. This function retrieves the value of an expression from the N-th row within the window frame.
- [NTILE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/ntile.md): Distribute rows into buckets. This function divides the rows in an ordered partition into a specified number of approximately equal groups.
- [PERCENT\_RANK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/percent_rank.md): Calculate relative rank. This function returns the percentage rank of the current row within its partition, ranging from 0 to 1.
- [PERCENTILE\_CONT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/percentile_cont.md): Calculate a continuous percentile. This inverse distribution function returns an interpolated value that corresponds to the specified percentile.
- [PERCENTILE\_DISC](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/percentile_disc.md): Calculate a discrete percentile. This inverse distribution function returns an actual value from the dataset that corresponds to the specified percentile.
- [RANK](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/rank.md): Calculate rank with gaps. This function assigns a rank to each row, with tied values receiving the same rank and subsequent ranks skipped.
- [ROW\_NUMBER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/special-functions/window-functions/row_number.md): Complete ROW\_NUMBER() reference: ROW\_NUMBER() OVER() window syntax, PARTITION BY clauses, ORDER BY ordering, and RANK()/DENSE\_RANK() comparisons.
- [String Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions.md): Learn about string functions in MariaDB Server. This section details SQL functions for manipulating, searching, and formatting text strings, essential for data cleansing and presentation.
- [ASCII](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/ascii.md): Return the ASCII value of the first character. This function returns the numeric ASCII code for the leftmost character of the input string.
- [BIN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/bin.md): Return the binary representation of a number. This function converts a number to its binary string equivalent.
- [BINARY Operator](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/binary-operator.md): Cast a string to a binary string. This operator converts a character string to a binary string, often used for case-sensitive comparisons.
- [BIT\_LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/bit_length.md): Return the length of a string in bits. This function calculates the size of the string in bits (length in bytes multiplied by 8).
- [CAST](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/cast.md): Complete CAST reference for MariaDB. Complete function guide with syntax, parameters, return values, and usage examples with comprehensive examples and best.
- [CHAR Function](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/char-function.md): Return the character for each integer passed. This function interprets arguments as integer ASCII values and returns a string of those characters.
- [CHAR\_LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/char_length.md): Return the length of a string in characters. This function counts the number of characters in the string, treating multi-byte characters as single units.
- [CHARACTER\_LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/character_length.md): Synonym for CHAR\_LENGTH(). Returns the number of characters in the string.
- [CHR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/chr.md): Return the character for a specific ASCII value. This function is similar to CHAR() but accepts a single integer argument.
- [CONCAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/concat.md): Complete CONCAT reference for MariaDB. Complete function guide with syntax, parameters, return values, and usage examples with comprehensive examples and.
- [CONCAT\_WS](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/concat_ws.md): Concatenate with separator. This function joins strings with a specified separator. It skips NULL values during concatenation.
- [CONVERT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/convert.md): Complete CONVERT() reference: CONVERT(expr,type) and CONVERT(expr USING charset) syntax, SIGNED/UNSIGNED/BINARY/CHAR types, and CAST() differences.
- [ELT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/elt.md): Return the string at a specific index. This function returns the N-th string from a list of arguments.
- [EXPORT\_SET](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/export_set.md): Return a string representation of bits. This function generates a string based on the bits set in a number, using specified 'on' and 'off' strings.
- [EXTRACTVALUE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/extractvalue.md): Extract a value from XML. This function returns the text content of an XML fragment matching a given XPath expression.
- [FIELD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/field.md): Return the index of a string in a list. This function returns the position of the first argument within the subsequent list of arguments.
- [FIND\_IN\_SET](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/find_in_set.md): Return the index of a string in a comma-separated list. This function finds the position of a string within a list of strings separated by commas.
- [FORMAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/format.md): Format a number. This function formats a number to a format like '#,###,###.##', rounded to a specified number of decimal places.
- [FROM\_BASE64](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/from_base64.md): Decode a base-64 encoded string. This function takes a base-64 string and returns the decoded binary result.
- [HEX](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/hex.md): Return the hexadecimal representation. This function converts a number or string to its hexadecimal string equivalent.
- [INSERT Function](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/insert-function.md): Insert a substring into a string. This function inserts a string within another string at a specified position and length, replacing existing characters.
- [INSTR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/instr.md): Return the position of the first occurrence of a substring. This function locates a substring within a string and returns its index.
- [LCASE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/lcase.md): Synonym for LOWER(). Converts a string to lowercase characters.
- [LEFT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/left.md): Return the leftmost characters. This function returns the specified number of characters from the beginning (left) of a string.
- [LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/length.md): Return the length of a string in bytes. This function counts the number of bytes in the string, which may differ from character count for multi-byte strings.
- [LENGTHB](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/lengthb.md): Return the length of a string in bytes. This function is a synonym for LENGTH() in default mode, returning the byte count.
- [LIKE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/like.md): Complete LIKE operator reference: LIKE/NOT LIKE pattern matching syntax, % and \_ wildcards, ESCAPE clause, NULL behavior, and collation case-sensitivity.
- [LOAD\_FILE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/load_file.md): Read a file from the server. This function reads the content of a file located on the server host and returns it as a string.
- [LOCATE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/locate.md): Return the position of the first occurrence of a substring. This function finds the starting position of a substring within a string.
- [LOWER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/lower.md): Convert a string to lowercase. This function returns the string with all characters converted to lowercase.
- [LPAD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/lpad.md): Left-pad a string. This function pads a string on the left side with a specified string until it reaches a certain length.
- [LTRIM](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/ltrim.md): Remove leading spaces. This function returns the string with any leading whitespace characters removed.
- [MAKE\_SET](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/make_set.md): Return a set of comma-separated strings. This function returns a string consisting of substrings corresponding to the set bits in a given number.
- [MATCH AGAINST](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/match-against.md): Perform a full-text search. This construct searches for a text query against a set of columns indexed with a FULLTEXT index.
- [MID](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/mid.md): Synonym for SUBSTRING(). Returns a substring starting at a specified position for a given length.
- [NATURAL\_SORT\_KEY](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/natural_sort_key.md): Generate a sort key for natural ordering. This function produces a key that allows strings containing numbers to be sorted in a human-readable order.
- [NOT LIKE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/not-like.md): Negated pattern matching. This operator tests whether a string does NOT match a specified SQL pattern.
- [NOT REGEXP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/not-regexp.md): Negated regular expression matching. This operator tests whether a string does NOT match a specified regular expression pattern.
- [OCTET\_LENGTH](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/octet_length.md): Return the length of a string in bytes. This function is a synonym for LENGTH() and returns the number of bytes in the string.
- [ORD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/ord.md): Return the numeric value of the first character. This function returns the code for the leftmost character, supporting multi-byte characters.
- [POSITION](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/position.md): Synonym for LOCATE(). Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring within a string.
- [QUOTE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/quote.md): Quote a string for SQL usage. This function produces a string ready for use as a data value in an SQL statement, escaping special characters.
- [REPEAT Function](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/repeat-function.md): Repeat a string. This function returns a string consisting of the input string repeated a specified number of times.
- [REPLACE Function](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/replace-function.md): Complete REPLACE Function reference for MariaDB. Complete function guide with syntax, parameters, return values, and usage examples for production use.
- [REVERSE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/reverse.md): Reverse a string. This function returns the string with the order of its characters reversed.
- [RIGHT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/right.md): Return the rightmost characters. This function returns the specified number of characters from the end (right) of a string.
- [RPAD](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/rpad.md): Right-pad a string. This function pads a string on the right side with a specified string until it reaches a certain length.
- [RTRIM](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/rtrim.md): Remove trailing spaces. This function returns the string with any trailing whitespace characters removed.
- [SFORMAT](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/sformat.md): Format strings with arbitrary patterns. This function allows complex string formatting using a pattern string and arguments.
- [SOUNDEX](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/soundex.md): Return the Soundex string. This function calculates the Soundex key for a string, allowing comparison of words that sound similar.
- [SOUNDS LIKE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/sounds-like.md): Compare strings by sound. This operator tests if two strings have the same Soundex value, useful for fuzzy matching.
- [SPACE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/space.md): Return a string of spaces. This function returns a string consisting of a specified number of space characters.
- [STRCMP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/strcmp.md): Compare two strings. This function returns 0 if strings are equal, -1 if the first is smaller, and 1 if the first is larger.
- [SUBSTR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/substr.md)
- [SUBSTRING](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/substring.md): Complete SUBSTRING() reference: syntax forms (pos,len, FROM/FOR), negative position from end, NULL handling, and Oracle sql\_mode position 0 behavior.
- [SUBSTRING\_INDEX](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/substring_index.md): Complete SUBSTRING\_INDEX() reference: SUBSTRING\_INDEX(str,delim,count) syntax, positive/negative count, case-sensitive delimiter, NULL rules.
- [TO\_BASE64](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/to_base64.md): Encode a string to base-64. This function converts a string argument to its base-64 encoded form.
- [TO\_CHAR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/to_char.md): Convert to string. This function converts a value (often date/time) to a string, potentially using a format mask.
- [TRIM](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/trim.md): Remove spaces from both ends. This function removes leading and trailing whitespace (or other specified characters) from a string.
- [TRIM\_ORACLE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/trim_oracle.md): Oracle-compatible TRIM function. This version of TRIM provides compatibility with Oracle's syntax for removing characters from a string.
- [Type Conversion](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/type-conversion.md): Understand Type Conversion in MariaDB. Learn the rules for implicit conversion during comparisons and arithmetic, and how to use CAST for predictable results.
- [UCASE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/ucase.md): Synonym for UPPER(). Converts a string to uppercase characters.
- [UNHEX](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/unhex.md): Convert hexadecimal to string. This function interprets pairs of hexadecimal digits as numbers and converts them to the characters they represent.
- [UPDATEXML](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/updatexml.md): Replace a portion of XML. This function replaces a section of XML markup matching an XPath expression with a new XML fragment.
- [UPPER](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/upper.md): Convert a string to uppercase. This function returns the string with all characters converted to uppercase.
- [WEIGHT\_STRING](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/weight_string.md): Return the weight string. This function returns the binary string that represents the sorting and comparison value of the input string.
- [Regular Expressions Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions.md): Learn about regular expression functions in MariaDB Server. This section details SQL functions for powerful pattern matching and manipulation of string data using regular expressions.
- [Regular Expressions Overview](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/regular-expressions-overview.md): Get an overview of regex usage. This page introduces the pattern matching capabilities and common metacharacters used in MariaDB regular expressions.
- [PCRE - Perl Compatible Regular Expressions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/pcre.md): Understand MariaDB's regex support. This concept page explains the PCRE library integration, detailing supported syntax, character classes, and special characters.
- [REGEXP](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/regexp.md): Complete REGEXP operator reference: expr REGEXP/RLIKE pat syntax, 1/0/NULL return values, NOT REGEXP aliases, BINARY case-sensitivity, default\_regex\_flags.
- [REGEXP\_INSTR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/regexp_instr.md): Return the index of a regex match. This function finds the starting position of the first substring that matches the given pattern.
- [REGEXP\_REPLACE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/regexp_replace.md): Replace regex matches in a string. This function substitutes occurrences of a pattern with a specified replacement string.
- [REGEXP\_SUBSTR](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/regexp_substr.md): Return the substring matching a regex. This function extracts the actual part of the string that matches the given pattern.
- [RLIKE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/string-functions/regular-expressions-functions/rlike.md): Synonym for REGEXP. This operator performs a regular expression match against a string argument.
- [Vector Functions](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/vector-functions.md): Explore vector functions. This section details SQL functions for manipulating and querying vector data types, enabling efficient similarity search and AI/ML applications within your  database.
- [VEC\_DISTANCE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/vector-functions/vector-functions-vec_distance.md): Calculate distance between vectors. This function computes the distance between two vectors using either Euclidean or Cosine metric, depending on the index.
- [VEC\_DISTANCE\_COSINE](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/vector-functions/vec_distance_cosine.md): Calculate Cosine distance. This function computes the Cosine distance between two vectors, measuring the cosine of the angle between them.
- [VEC\_DISTANCE\_EUCLIDEAN](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/vector-functions/vec_distance_euclidean.md): Calculate Euclidean distance. This function computes the Euclidean (L2) distance between two vectors, representing the straight-line distance.
- [VEC\_FromText](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/vector-functions/vec_fromtext.md): Convert text to vector. This function parses a JSON array string representation of a vector and converts it into the binary VECTOR data type.
- [VEC\_ToText](/docs/server/reference/sql-functions/vector-functions/vec_totext.md): Convert vector to text. This function takes a binary VECTOR data type and returns its JSON array string representation.