The Ultimate Guide to High Availability with MariaDB

Rewrite Filter

Rewrite Filter

Overview

The rewrite filter allows modification of sql queries on the fly. Reasons for modifying queries can be to rewrite a query for performance, or to change a specific query when the client query is incorrect and cannot be changed in a timely manner.

The examples will use Rewrite Filter file format. See below.

Syntax

Native syntax

Rewriter native syntax uses placeholders to grab and replace parts of text.

Placeholders

The syntax for a plain placeholder is @{N} where N is a positive integer.

The syntax for a placeholder regex is @{N:regex}. It allows more control when needed.

The below is a valid entry in rf format. For demonstration, all options are set. This entry is a do-nothing entry, but illustrates placeholders.

%%
# options
regex_grammar: Native
case_sensitive: true
what_if: false
continue_if_matched: false
ignore_whitespace: true
%
# match template
@{1:^}select @{2} from my_table where id = @{3}
%
# replace template
select @{2} from my_table where id = @{3}

If the input sql is select id, name from my_table where id = 42 then @{2} = "id, name" and @{3} = "42". Since the replace template is identical to the match template the end result is that the output sql will be the same as the input sql.

Placeholders can be used as forward references. @{1:^}select @{2}, count(*) from @{3} group by @{2}. For a match, the two @{2} text grabs must be equal.

Match template

The match template is used to match against the sql to be rewritten.

The match template can be partial from mytable. But the actual underlying regex match is always for the whole sql. If the match template does not start or end with a placeholder, placeholders are automatically added so that the above becomes @{1}from mytable@{2}. The automatically added placeholders cannot be used in the replace template.

Matching the whole input also means that Native syntax does not support (and is not intended to support) scan and replace. Only the first occurrance of the above from mytable can be modified in the replace template. However, one can selectively choose to modify e.g. the first through third occurrance of from mytable by writing from mytable @{1} from mytable @{2} from mytable @{3}.

For scan and replace use a different regex_grammar (see below).

Replace template

The replace template uses the placeholders from the match template to rewrite sql.

%%
# use default options by leaving this blank
%
@{1:^}select count(distinct @{2}) from @{3}
%
select count(*) from (select distinct @{1} from @{2}) as t123

Input: select count(distinct author) from books where entity != "AI"

Rewritten: select count(*) from (select distinct author from books where entity != "AI") as t123

An important option for smooth matching is ignore_whitespace, which is on (true) by default. It creates the match regex in such a way that the amount and kind of whitespace does not affect matching. However, to make ignore_whitespace always work, it is important to add whitespace where allowed. If "id=42" is in the match template then only the exact "id=42" can match. But if "id = 42" is used, and ignore_whitespace is on, both "id=42" and "id = 42" will match.

Another example, and what not to do:

%%
%
from mytable
%
from mytable force index (myindex)

Input: select name from mytable where id=42

Rewritten: select name from mytable force index (myindex) where id=42

That works, but because the match lacks specific detail about the expected sql, things are likely to break. In this case show indexes from my_table would no longer work.

The minimum detail in this case could be:

%%
%
@{1:^}select @{2} from mytable
%
select @{2} from mytable force index (myindex)

but if more detail is known, like something specific in the where clause, that too should be added.

Placeholder Regex

Syntax: @{N:regex}

In a placeholder regex the character } must be escaped to \} (for literal matching). Plain parenthesis "()" indicate capturing groups, which are internally used by the Native grammar. Thus plain parentheses in a placeholder regex will break matching. However, non-capturing groups can be used: e.g. @{1:(:?Jane|Joe)}. To match a literal parenthesis use an escape, e.g. \(.

Suppose an application is misbehaving after an upgrade and a quick fix is needed. This query select zip from address_book where str_id = "AZ-124" is correct, but if the id is an integer the where clause should be id = 1234.

%%
%
@{1:^}select zip_code from address_book where str_id = @{1:["]}@{2:[[:digit:]]+}@{3:["]}
%
select zip_code from address_book where id = @{2}

Input: select zip_code from address_book where str_id = "1234"

Rewritten: select zip_code from address_book where id = 1234

Using plain regular expressions

For scan and replace the regex_grammar must be set to something else than Native. An example will illustrate the usage.

Replace all occurrances of "wrong_table_name" with "correct_table_name". Further, if the replacement was made then replace all occurrances of wrong_column_name with correct_column_name.

%%
regex_grammar: EPosix
continue_if_matched: true
%
wrong_table_name
%
correct_table_name

%%
regex_grammar: EPosix
%
wrong_column_name
%
correct_column_name

Configuration

Adding a rewrite filter.

[Rewrite]
type = filter
module = rewritefilter
template_file = /path/to/template_file.rf
...

[Router]
type=service
...
filters=Rewrite

Parameters in maxscale.cnf

template_file

  • Type: string
  • Mandatory: Yes
  • Dynamic: Yes
  • Default: No default value

Path to the template file.

regex_grammar

  • Type: string
  • Mandatory: No
  • Dynamic: Yes
  • Default: Native
  • Values: Native, ECMAScript, Posix, EPosix, Awk, Grep, EGrep

Default regex_grammar for templates

case_sensitive

  • Type: boolean
  • Mandatory: No
  • Dynamic: Yes
  • Default: true

Default case sensitivity for templates

log_replacement

  • Type: boolean
  • Mandatory: No
  • Dynamic: Yes
  • Default: false

Log replacements at NOTICE level.

Parameters per template in the template file

regex_grammar

  • Type: string
  • Values: Native, ECMAScript, Posix, EPosix, Awk, Grep, EGrep
  • Default: From maxscale.cnf

Overrides the global regex_grammar of a template.

case_sensitive

  • Type: boolean
  • Default: From maxscale.cnf

Overrides the global case sensitivity of a template.

ignore_whitespace

  • Type: boolean
  • Default: true

Ignore whitespace differences in the match template and input sql.

continue_if_matched

  • Type: boolean
  • Default: false

If a template matches and the replacement is done, continue to the next template and apply it to the result of the previous rewrite.

what_if

  • Type: boolean
  • Default: false

Do not make the replacement, only log what would have been replaced (NOTICE level).

Rewrite file format

The rf format for an entry is:

%%
options
%
match template
%
replace template

The character # starts a single line comment when it is the first character on a line.

Empty lines are ignored.

The rf format does not need any additional escaping to what the basic format requires (see Placeholder Regex).

Options are specified as follows:

case_sensitive: true

The colon must stick to the option name.

The separators % and %% must be the exact content of their respective separator lines.

The templates can span multiple lines. Whitespace does not matter as long as ignore_whitespace = true. Always use space where space is allowed to maximize the utility of ignore_whitespace.

Example

%%
case_sensitive: false
%
@{1:^}select @{2}
from mytable
where user = @{3}
%
select @{2} from mytable where user = @{3}
and @{3} in (select user from approved_users)

Json file format

The json file format is harder to read and edit manually. It will be needed if support for editing of rewrite templates is added to the GUI.

All double quotes and escape characters have to be escaped in json, i.e '\"' and '\\'.

The same example as above is:

{ "templates" :
    [
        {
            "case_sensitive" : false,
            "match_template" : "@{1:^}select @{2} from mytable where user = @{3}",
            "replace_template" : "select @{2} from mytable where user = @{3}
and @{3} in (select user from approved_users)"
        }
    ]
}

Reload template file

The configuration is re-read if any dynamic value is updated even if the value does not change.

maxctrl alter filter Rewrite log_replacement=false

Reference

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