The Ultimate Guide to High Availability with MariaDB

SET NAMES

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Syntax

SET NAMES {'charset_name'
    [COLLATE 'collation_name'] | DEFAULT}

Contents

  1. Syntax
  2. Description
  3. Examples
  4. See Also

Description

Sets the character_set_client, character_set_connection, character_set_results and, implicitly, the collation_connection session system variables to the specified character set and collation.

This determines which character set the client will use to send statements to the server, and the server will use for sending results back to the client.

ucs2, utf16, utf16le and utf32 are not valid character sets for SET NAMES, as they cannot be used as client character sets.

The collation clause is optional. If not defined (or if DEFAULT is specified), the default collation for the character set will be used.

Quotes are optional for the character set or collation clauses.

Examples

Prior to MariaDB 10.6, the utf8 character set (and related collation) was the default for the given variables:

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_c%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE   |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | utf8            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | utf8            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | utf8            |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | utf8_general_ci |
+--------------------------+-----------------+

SET NAMES big5;

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_c%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE   |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | big5            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | big5            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | big5            |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | big5_chinese_ci |
+--------------------------+-----------------+

SET NAMES 'latin1' COLLATE 'latin1_bin';

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_c%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+---------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE |
+--------------------------+---------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | latin1        |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | latin1        |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | latin1        |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | latin1_bin    |
+--------------------------+---------------+

SET NAMES DEFAULT;

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_c%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE     |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | latin1            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | latin1            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | latin1            |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | latin1_swedish_ci |
+--------------------------+-------------------+

From MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 11.1, the utf8 character set (and related collations) became an alias for utf8mb3 rather than the other way around:

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_c%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+--------------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE      |
+--------------------------+--------------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | utf8mb3            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | utf8mb3            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | utf8mb3            |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | utf8mb3_general_ci |
+--------------------------+--------------------+

SET NAMES utf8mb4;

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_c%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
  VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+--------------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE      |
+--------------------------+--------------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | utf8mb4            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | utf8mb4            |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | utf8mb4            |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | utf8mb4_general_ci |
+--------------------------+--------------------+

From MariaDB 11.8, utf8mb4 became the default for the affected variables: 

SET NAMES DEFAULT;                

SELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE 
    FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE 
    VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_con%' OR 
    VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_cl%' OR 
    VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'character_set_re%' OR 
    VARIABLE_NAME LIKE 'collation_c%';
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
| VARIABLE_NAME            | SESSION_VALUE         |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS    | utf8mb4               |
| CHARACTER_SET_CONNECTION | utf8mb4               |
| CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT     | utf8mb4               |
| COLLATION_CONNECTION     | utf8mb4_uca1400_ai_ci |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+

See Also

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