GROUP_CONCAT
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语法
GROUP_CONCAT(expr)
Contents
描述
该函数将分组中的非NULL值串联起来称为一个字符串。如果分组中的某个值为NULL,而串联的结果为NULL。
系统变量group_concat_max_len控制允许返回的最大字节长度,默认值为1M(>= MariaDB 10.2.4)或1K(<= MariaDB 10.2.3)。
如果group_concat_max_len <= 512
,则返回的数据类型为VARBINARY或VARCHAR。否则返回的数据类型为BLOB或TEXT。至于选择binary还是非binary的类型,由输入来决定。
完整的语法如下:
GROUP_CONCAT([DISTINCT] expr [,expr ...] [ORDER BY {unsigned_integer | col_name | expr} [ASC | DESC] [,col_name ...]] [SEPARATOR str_val])
DISTINCT
关键字从输出字符串中消除值重复的部分。
ORDER BY子句决定了返回值的顺序。
SEPARATOR
指定串联各值时使用的分隔符。默认分隔符为逗号(,
)。应该尽量避免使用空白字符作为分隔符。
GROUP_CONCAT
MariaDB starting with 10.3.3
MariaDB 10.3.2之前,GROUP_CONCAT
函数中无法使用LIMIT子句。从MariaDB 10.3.3开始该限制被移除。
示例
SELECT student_name, GROUP_CONCAT(test_score) FROM student GROUP BY student_name;
从mysql.user表中获取易读的user列表:(注意,下面没有使用GROUP BY子句)
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT User ORDER BY User SEPARATOR '\n') FROM mysql.user;
在上面的示例中,使用DISTINCT
来消除重复的user字段值。且使用换行符(\n
)作为分隔符。
获取允许连接的user列表:
SELECT User, GROUP_CONCAT(Host ORDER BY Host SEPARATOR ', ') FROM mysql.user GROUP BY User ORDER BY User;
上面的示例演示了GROUP_CONCAT
中的ORDER BY和SELECT
中的ORDER BY的区别,前者是对串联host值排序,后者是对行排序。
从MariaDB 10.3.3开始,GROUP_CONCAT
函数中可以使用LIMIT子句。例如给定如下表:
CREATE TABLE d (dd DATE, cc INT); INSERT INTO d VALUES ('2017-01-01',1); INSERT INTO d VALUES ('2017-01-02',2); INSERT INTO d VALUES ('2017-01-04',3);
如下查询:
SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC),",",1) FROM d; +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SUBSTRING_INDEX(GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC),",",1) | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2017-01-04:3 | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
重写为更简单易读的语句:
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC LIMIT 1) FROM d; +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC LIMIT 1) | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2017-01-04:3 | +-------------------------------------------------------------+
See Also
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